Timeline

15 May 1919: Greek soldiers land at İzmir, initiating armed resistance.
19 May 1919: Mustafa Kemal arrives at Samsun, marking the start of organized national resistance.
22 June 1919: Amasya Circular calls for national freedom and unity among Turks.
July–September 1919: Erzurum and Sivas Congresses consolidate local resistance committees and unify goals.
23 April 1920: Grand National Assembly of Turkey opens in Ankara, centralizing political power.
9–11 January 1921: First Battle of İnönü tests the strength of nationalist forces against Greek troops.
23 August–13 September 1921: Battle of Sakarya halts the Greek advance under Atatürk’s command, marking a turning point.
26–30 August 1922: Great Offensive achieves decisive victory at Dumlupınar, effectively ending major Greek resistance.
1 November 1922: Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate formally ends the old regime.
11 October 1922: Mudanya Armistice signed, ceasing hostilities against the Allies.
24 July 1923: Treaty of Lausanne signed, granting international recognition of Turkey's borders.
29 October 1923: Declaration of the Republic of Turkey officially established.